Background

Pneumococc vaccine is effective and safe but vaccine immunogenicity is a challenging matter in renal transplantation and accessible guidelines suggest pneumococcal revaccination every 3–5 year intervals .This study judge guideline based on reality .

Methods

Articles related to pneumococc vaccine in renal transplant was evaluated from 1996 -2019 .

Results

Most accessible studies followed small selective healthier cases for short period time ,they showed persistence of immunogenicity with PPSV23 vaccination in hemodiyalisis and renal transplant after 1 year is same (43%) ,the vaccnes cover half of pneumococc serotypes , not same for all types (6B type :12% , 19F :27% ), while the revaccination with the newer vaccine (PPSV23) was less effective than the first immunization that produce a significant immune response followed by rapid decline of immunity, there is not also difference in immunogenicity of PCV7 versus PPV23 at 8th week postvaccination

Conclusions

Pneumococcal vaccine immunogenicity appearance and duration in renal transplantation is not compatible with guidelines recommendations , immunogenicity decrease after first year dramatically in spite of using newer generation and booster doses ,we are face to questions such as the best time of installation,how can enhance immunogenicity and the best vaccine type that we can use .

Background

The increase in resistance to antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections is a global problem. Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a bacterial infection responsible for one-fifth of child mortality in Africa. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate immuno stimulatory complexes (ISCOM) from Carica papaya leaves.

Methods

The ISCOM was formed using the ethanol injection method and saponin source from Carica papaya leaves. Immunological assays of neutrophil adhesion, carbon clearance, hemagglutinating antibody titre and acute toxicity test were conducted using healthy laboratory mice.

Results

The results were compared to standard drug (Levamisole). Neutrophil adhesion showed fairly significant increase (21.26±0.00) as against the levamisole (21.09±0.00). The increase phagocytic index (0.089± 0.017) shows stimulation of reticuloendothelial system when compared to both controls (distilled water = 0.032 ± 0.001; levamisole = ± 0.071 ± 0.001). At 5000mg/kg body weight of administered ISCOM, no death was recorded.

Conclusions

It can be concluded from this study that Carica papaya leaves has immunomodulatory capacity and has significant saponin yield which can serve as a component of ISCOM formulation. Carica papaya based ISCOM promises be useful in the defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.

Background

Determining the host molecular genetic characteristics of pneumococcal colonisation may inform the development of new clinical interventions which could interrupt pneumococcal transmission and establishment of disease. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify the genes associated with pneumococcal carriage.

Methods

DNA collected from healthy Nepalese children were genotyped using Illumina Global Screening Arrays. Array data underwent QC and filtering before undergoing imputation using the HRC R1.1 2016 reference panel. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from participants were processed for the presence of pneumococci by conventional microbiological techniques. Association analysis was performed using PLINK 1.9.

Results

Following filtering, 1355 carriers (cases) and 766 non-carriers (controls) were analysed. 10 variants within a single region, were associated with pneumococcal carriage (p<10^-8). The variant that had the strongest association with pneumococcal carriage (MAF carriers = 0.07 vs MAF non-carriers = 0.13, OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.42-0.64, p=2.3x10^-8), is within an intergenic region between PPFIA2 and CCDC59.

Conclusions

We identified host genetic variants associated with pneumococcal carriage. Further studies confirming this association and its biological role in pneumococcal carriage are needed.

Background

Respiratory tract infection(URI) is one of the most common diseases of childhood . Resistance to antimicrobial agents is becoming a Basic problem in worldwide and in Asia. The aim of our study was to determine the Effects of Antibiotic on Oropharyngeal Pneumococcal Colonization and antibiotic resistace in Children with URI.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was performed in mid 2019, 70 Children ( mean age of 6.92 years)with URI were selected . Nasopharyngeal samples were collected by sterile swaps and then inoculated on selective agar. After 24 h incubation, microbiological tests were performed and antimicrobial sensitivity tests were done.

Results

Of 70 children 27 (38.6%) were boys and 43 (61.4%) were girls and the mean age was 6.92 years . Streptococcus pneumonia was recovered from 14 samples (20%). Antibiotic resistance of the isolates to clindamycin ,co-trimoxazole ,azithromycin, ampicillin, , and ceftriaxone were 28%,21%, 7%,7%, 7% respectively and 28% of isolates were not resistant to any antibiotics.

Conclusions

The results of this study showed that antibiotic consumption and daycare attendance are associated with increased antibiotic resistance

Background

Mushrooms are white rot fungi regarded as one of the well-known food possessing various kinds of biopharmaceuticals compounds. Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom with history of medicinal uses.

Methods

Phytochemical constituents of the methanol extract were quantified while pure isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae was obtained using standard protocols. The effect of the extract on cellular immune responses was assessed by Phagocytosis Evaluation and Nitroblue Tetrazolium Tests. In vivo study against Streptococcal infection was evaluated using the neutrophil adhesion, carbon clearance and Hemagglutination titre tests in mice.

Results

Methanol extracts of Pleurotus revealed the presence of flavonoids (6.41%), alkaloids (10.01%), saponins (2.02%), phenols (1.55%), carbohydrate (14.05%), and proteins (45.09%). The percentage stimulation of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) was obtained as 53% for (500mg/ml), while the Nitroblue Tetrazolium test score ranged from 58.00±9.64 for 500mg/ml to 27.33±4.84 for 125mg/ml. Significant number of PMNs adhered to nylon fibre while antibody titre and phagocytic index increased in concentration dependent manner.

Conclusions

Pleurotus ostreatus has high carbohydrate and protein contents. It showed a significant stimulation of the cell mediated and humoral immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.

Background

The major cause of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years old, Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is a global scourge. Since 1 July 2011, the PCV13 pneumococcal vaccine has been introduced into the routine immunization program in Cameroon. We describe the serotypes that caused pneumococcal meningitis after introducing the vaccine.

Methods

Pneumococcal isolates of children below 5 years of age between January 2013 and December 2018 sentinel surveillance for meningitis conducted at the Mother and Child Center, were serotyped and sequentially multiplexed polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Of the 64 cases of confirmed streptococcal pneumoniae meningitis, 41 (64.06%) were analyzed for serotype identification and 34 serotypes were obtained. The most common are: 6A-6B-15B-2-4-5-12F-7A-7F-12A-12B-16F-17F-25F-44. The highest frequency of types 6A and 6B (14.71%) is noted. We observe a high frequency of serotypes 2 and 5 in the age group 0-5Month: 3/16 (18.75%). 2/14 (14.28%) of children in the age group 6-23Month have serotype 12A / 12B / 12F / 44/4. As for the age group of 24-59M, the most represented serotype is 15B: 2/11(18.18%).

Conclusions

Although the PCV13 vaccine is beneficial in Cameroon, it is necessary to constantly monitor the emergence of non-vaccinal serotypes because from the results, we note the emergence of other serotypes.

Background

The annual SAVE study was initiated in Canada in 2011 after PCV-13 was introduced. The study aims to detect antimicrobial susceptibility changes, overall and by serotype, in S. pneumoniae (SPN).

Methods

In collaboration between CARA, selected public health laboratories and PHAC-NML, the SAVE study collected 11044 invasive isolates of SPN from 2011 to 2018. Serotyping was performed using the Quellung reaction. Susceptibility testing was performed using CLSI methods.

Results

In 2018, 1878 SPN were collected as part of the SAVE study. The susceptibility results of the 10 most common serotypes in 2018 are shown below.

MDR was noted in 24 serotypes with the highest rates in 14 (60%), 15A (55.8%), 23F (50%), 6A/B (30/33.3%) and 19A (25%). Of the 120 MDR isolates identified in 2018, the most commonly observed MDR pattern was resistance to CLR, clindamycin, chloramphenicol and DOX (n=34). The rate of MDR SPN in 2018 was 6.5%, representing a decrease from the study high of 8.5% in 2011 but an increase from the 2016 rate of 3.9%.

Conclusions

Ongoing changes in the epidemiology and susceptibility patterns in SPN in Canada were observed.

Background

Routine pneumococcal vaccination of adults in Russia is recommended in immunization schedule for recruits, adults 60 years and older, with chronic lung disease. We conducted all-national study on the coverage of adult pneumococcal vaccination for the period 2014-2018.

Methods

Information was provided by the departments of health of each region and republic of RF, using special forms.

Results

In four years, 1.9 million of adults have been vaccinated against pneumococcus. The highest coverage was achieved among recruits - 92.5%. The coverage of patients with chronic lung diseases, including COPD was 15.1%. In addition, pneumococcal vaccination was carried out among other groups of immunocompetent adults with chronic diseases. However, the absolute number of vaccinated was not large. Coverage rate was 3.8% among patients with chronic heart disease, 2.8% in patients with diabetes mellitus and lower in other groups. In some regions of Russia pneumococcal vaccination of adults with immunocompromising сonditions and people with occupational risk factors was carried out.

Conclusions

Routine pneumococcal vaccination of adults in Russia was include in immunizations schedule in 2014. The highest coverage was achieved among recruits. Besides, pneumococcal vaccination is carried out in other risk groups, but coverage is not high so far.

Background

No recent data is available on the serotypes or antimicrobial susceptibility of S.pneumoniae isolated from nasopharyngeal carriage (NC) or invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Egypt. We aimed to identify the serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of S.pneumoniae NC and IPD of Egyptian children younger than 5 years.

Methods

In 2 successive winter seasons (2016-2017), we enrolled 334 children less than 5 years, excluding those with signs of infection, antibiotic intake or hospitalization in the preceding month. Additionally, we studied 32 S.pneumoniae isolates from IPD, identified during the study duration.

We tested for S.pneumoniae by culture and PCR from NC and IPD. Serotyping was performed by sequential multiplex PCR for all positive samples. AST was done to S.pneumoniae isolates by Vitek-2™.

Results

PCR was positive from 65% of swabs compared to 32.9% by culture. The most common five serotypes were serotypes 1, 6 and 19 F, 5 and 18ABC. From IPD, the commonest serotypes were 1, 18ABC and 6.

The AST of NP isolates revealed low susceptibility rates to all antimicrobials except for vancomycin, levofloxacin and clindamycin. Isolates from clinical specimens, however were more susceptible.

Conclusions

Serotypes 1, 18ABC and 6 caused NC and IPD, and had low antimicrobial susceptibility.

Background

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the leading causes of child mortality worldwide. This study aimed to explore the care-seeking behaviors among under-five children in Bangladesh and identified factors associated with ARI and subsequent care-seeking behaviors.

Methods

The present study analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2004 to 2014 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey. Bivariate analysis was performed to estimate the association between ARIs and associated care-seeking. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as the level of significance.

Results

A total of 10,147 ARI children aged < 5 years were included in the study. Factors such as education, birth order, household electricity, household source of drinking water, toilet facility, media exposure (radio), nutritional status (WHZ), household cooking fuel were found to be significantly associated with the utilization of healthcare for ARI. The family who had higher birth order, not electricity in their household had 1.16 (95% CI 1.03-1.30; P = 0.009) and 1.63 times (95% CI 1.43-1.86; P = <0.001) had less chance to receive care.

Conclusions

Public and private sector's actions to increase service accessibility for poorer households, equitable and efficient service distribution and interventions targeting households with low socio-economic status and lower education levels are recommended.