Norman K. Fry, United Kingdom

Sustaining herd protection via reduced dose schedules may ameliorate pneumococcal conjugate vaccine costs. However, there is limited understanding of pneumococcal transmission pathways and their role in herd immunity. We aimed to develop and validate phylogenetic methods for detecting the occurrence and direction of pneumococcal transmission.

Methods

Based on the timing of serotype-specific carriage within a household, 10 likely transmission pairs and the corresponding transmission direction were identified from a longitudinal study of nasopharyngeal carriage in the UK and sequenced by whole genome sequencing. Any metadata were blinded, and linkage and the transmission direction inferred from the genomic data alone using Phyloscanner.

Results

Unblinding revealed that transmission pair linkage via genomics was identical to that based on epidemiological criteria. One instance of co-colonization was detected and only the dominant serotype was transmitted. All transmission pairs had moderate to strong phylogenetic signals suggesting transmission direction, however, only 6/10 directions were concordant with the epidemiological metadata.

Conclusions

Phylogenetics did successfully predict transmission pairs in this small sample. To improve the inference of transmission direction we will consider factors including sequencing coverage, degrees of intra-host diversity, and phylogenetic uncertainty, although concordance with epidemiolocal metadata may be limited by imperfect sensitivity of culture-based tests for pneumococcal detection.

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CASE FATALITY RATES ASSOCIATED WITH INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE DECLINED AFTER PCV13 IMPLEMENTATION IN ENGLAND (ID 1018)

Session Name

Clinical Sciences - Disease Burden in Infants, Children/Youth, and Adults

Presenter

Godwin Oligbu, United Kingdom

Authors

Abstract

Abstract

Background

The serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) have changed significantly since the introduction of the 7-valent (PCV7) and 13-valent (PCV13) pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in England. Since case fatality rate (CFR) varies across different pneumococcal serotypes, we analysed trends in deaths and CFR before and after implementation of the two PCV programmes in England

Methods

Public Health England conducts enhanced IPD surveillance in England. Cases and deaths occurring within 7 days of IPD diagnosis were used to calculate CFR during 2002/03-2018/19.

Results

The number of IPD deaths increased from 744 in 2005/16 just before PCV7 was implemented and peaked at 756 in 2009/10 just before PCV13 replaced PCV7 and then declined to 450 cases in 2013/14, when IPD cases were also at their lowest. Since then, IPD cases and deaths increased and peaked in 2018/19 before declining in 2018/19. CFR trends followed IPD deaths until 2008/09 peaking at 14.4% and then gradually declined to 9.9% in 2018/19. This was because the replacing serotypes after PCV13 implementation, especially serotypes 8 and 12F, were associated with lower age-adjusted CFR compared to PCV13 serotypes.

Conclusions

CFR declined only after PCV13 replaced PCV7 in 2010. The current replacing serotypes are associated with lower CFR than PCV13 serotypes.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF INFLUENZA VACCINATION AGAINST INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE IN THE ELDERLY ≥65 YEARS ELIGIBLE FOR VACCINATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES (ID 553)

Session Name

Vaccines - Impact of Vaccine programs and Serotype Replacement

Presenter

Abdelmajid Djennad, United Kingdom

Authors

Abstract

Abstract

Background

The clinical and epidemiological studies conducted during the 1918 pandemic brought new evidence, with Influenza viruses recognised to induce Pneumonia and favour bacterial co-infections and secondary bacterial infections. Therefore, Influenza vaccination may protect against Pneumococcal outcomes by reducing the risk of influenza infection.

Methods

Screening method is used to measure VE. IPD cases were extracted from surveillance database with information on serotype, specimen date, age, clinical conditions, sex, PPV23 and Influenza vaccination dates. Influenza vaccine coverage was extracted from RCGP and matched to IPD cases based on age group (65-74, 75-84, ≥ 85), risk group, PPV23 vaccination, and weeks. The study period was September 2015 to June 2016.

Results

Overall crude Flu VE against IPD was 45% (39, 50). Matching IPD with RCGP proportion vaccinated, overall adjusted VE was 27% (19, 34) in 65+, 26% (14, 38) in 65-74 and 75-84, 28% (14, 40) in 85+ years old. Stratifying by time, VE was 24% (13-33) in January – April and 24% (00-42) in May - June.

Conclusions

Since VE against Influenza was 29% overall and 56% against H1N1 in the elderly in 2015/16 in UK, a very strong association between Influenza and IPD would be needed to have a 27% VE against IPD.

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PNEUMOCOCCAL CARRIAGE AND ANTIBODY PERSISTENCE FOLLOWING PCV13 DELIVERED AS ONE PRIMARY AND ONE BOOSTER (1+1) VERSUS TWO PRIMARY DOSES AND A BOOSTER IN UK INFANTS (ID 900)

Session Name

Vaccines - Pneumococcal Vaccines Development

Presenter

David Goldblatt, United Kingdom

Authors