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Background/Aim. Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Mexico. The aim of this study was to examine associations between particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure and T2DM risk.Methods. This study comprised 1478 individuals belonging to the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Mexican Study (GEA) in Mexico City. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria and insulin resistance (IR) was considered when the HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) values were more than 75 percentile. PM2.5 concentrations for long-term periods (1 to 9 years) were assigned by inverse distance weighted (IDW) of data from air quality monitors. Linear regression models or logistic regression models were employed to assess long-term PM2.5 exposure and continuous variables (HOMA-IR or glycosylated hemoglobin [Hb1Ac]) or binary outcomes (T2DM or IR ), respectively. All models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, socioeconomic status, marital status, smoking, physical activity and total calories intake. Results. The prevalence of T2DM was 13.2% and for IR was 57.9%. PM2.5 exposure at year 1, 3, and 5 years before the baseline visit were significantly associated with higher HOMA-IR and IR. Each 10 ug/m3 of PM2.5 at year 1 was associated with 16% (95% CI: 1.01-1.33) higher odds of IR, and year 5 with 20% (95%CI: 1.05-1.36) higher odds of IR. Each 10 ug/m3 PM2.5 increased at year 2 (0.4% [95% CI: 0.04-0.74]) and 7 (0.5% [95% CI: 0.14-0.80]) were associated with increased HbA1c. Finally, no significant associations were observed between PM2.5 exposure at any time point and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk. Conclusions. The association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and insulin resistance is relevant in the context of high obesity rate and poor glycemic control characteristic of Mexican adults.