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Antidepressant Discontinuation Manias: A New Bipolar Subtype?
Abstract
Introduction
Antidepressant withdrawal manic states are rare and controversial phenomena. The underlying pathophysiology and the clinical implications have not been thoroughly discussed in the literature.
Objectives
We aimed to review reports of antidepressant discontinuation manic states and to discuss the different hypothetical pathophysiological changes underlying this phenomenon. We also argued in favor of its inclusion in the bipolar spectrum.
Methods
We searched Pubmed using the key words: ‘antidepressant withdrawal’ or ‘antidepressant discontinuation’ plus ‘mania’ or ‘hypomania’ from January 2008 until January 2018.
Results
Twenty-nine cases of antidepressant discontinuation manic states were identified. Hypotheses involve the implication of Catecholamines, Acetylcholine and Serotonin in the pathophysiology of this paradoxical phenomenon. The search for red flags for bipolar disorder in these case reports revealed psychiatric histories in favor of a bipolar spectrum disorder in 12 individuals while five were already known to have bipolar disorder.
Conclusions
Antidepressant discontinuation mania should be considered on the bipolar spectrum.
Bipolar Stigma in Jewish Communities in the United States
Abstract
Introduction
This study investigated differences in mood disorder public stigma endorsed by Jewish adults. Specifically, it examined the association between public stigma and the symptomatology and gender of individuals with mood disorders and characteristics of respondents. The symptomatology investigated included major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder presenting with mania or depression. The public stigma factors measured for mood disorders were recovery, relationship disruption, hygiene, anxiety, and treatment/professional efficacy.
Objectives
Do symptomatology and gender predict stigma for mood disorders?
For Jewish adults, do gender, age, religious characteristics, mental health history, and perceived stigma for mental illness predict their stigma toward individuals with mood disorders?
Methods
A convenience sample of 243 Jewish adults were randomly administered vignettes using a factorial design. MANCOVA was used for analysis.
The Mental Illness Stigma Scale (Day et al., 2007) and the Devaluation of Consumer scale (Struening et al., 2001) were used to measure public and perceived stigma respectively.
Results
Results showed that recovery, relationship disruption, and hygiene stigmas were associated with vignette subject symptomatology, an interaction was found between respondent gender and age for treatability/professional efficacy stigma, and perceived stigma was correlated with public stigma factors. Consistent with previous research, the highest levels of stigma were found for individuals with bipolar disorder presenting with mania (Wolkenstein & Meyer, 2008).
Conclusions
These findings increase our knowledge of mood disorder stigma existing in the Jewish community and supports research showing that bipolar disorder presenting with mania is the most stigmatized type of mood disorder symptomatology (Wolkenstein & Meyer, 2008).
Association With Severe and Treatment-Resistant Depression Among Patients With Inflammatory Joint Disease: Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study in Swedish Registers
Abstract
Introduction
Treatment resistant depression (TRD) and severe depression (SD) are common among patients with depression. Patients with inflammatory joint disease (IJD) are at higher risk for developing depression compared to the general population; however, the risk for SD or TRD is not known.
Objectives
To examine the odds of patients with IJD for developing SD and TRD compared to non-severe and non-TRD depression.
Methods
This case-control study was nested within a cohort of patients with incident depression (n=443,384) identified in nationwide Swedish registers 2006-2018. Patients with SD (n=42,975) were identified through the ICD-10 code specifier, through psychiatric hospitalization and/or through suicide attempts. Patients who started a third consecutive treatment for depression were identified with TRD (n=33,830). Each patient was matched with five non-SD - or non-TRD - patients by sociodemographics and year of cohort entry. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated by conditional logistic regression with regard to a history of any IJD and specific IJDs prior to depression onset.
Results
Among patients with depression, those with a history of IJD did not have higher odds for developing SD (aOR 1.09 (95%CI 1.00-1.20)) or TRD (aOR 1.03 (0.93 - 1.14)) compared to patients without IJD. A history of rheumatoid arthritis was associated with a significantly higher odds for SD among patients aged 18-29 (aOR 1.55 (1.01-2.36)) and for TRD among patients aged 30-49 (aOR 1.33 (1.05-1.67).
Conclusions
Overall, no association was observed between history of IJD and developing SD/TRD; with the exception of younger age strata in rheumatoid arthritis.
The Soluble ST2 Levels in Patients With Depression and Comorbid Heart Failure
Abstract
Introduction
Depression in HF has become a major issue as the burden of HF has continued to increase, and many studies have suggested poorer outcomes in HF patients reporting depression. The prevalence of major depression in HF is about 20–40 %, which is 4–5 % higher than in the normal population. Soluble ST2 is involved in multiple pathogenetic pathways including cardiac strain, inflammation, and myocardial necrosis with remodeling.
Objectives
The purpose of study was to assess the predictive effect of soluble ST2 (sST2) and depressive symptoms in patients with ischemic HF
Methods
It this observational cross-sectional trial 129 patients with ischemic HF FC II-IV by New York Heart Association and depression were investigated. The diagnosis was verified by laboratory and instrumental methods according to European Society of Cardiology recommendations (2016). Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The ST2 level in blood serum was detected by ELISA method. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistica 12 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA).
Results
The prevalence of depression increases with NYHA functional class. With decreasing ejection fraction of left ventricle, levels of sST2 were gradually increased (P for trend < 0.001), as well as the prevalence of depressive symptoms (P for trend < 0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that depressive symptoms and elevation of sST2 were both independent predictors of all-cause mortality and HF-related hospitalization.
Conclusions
The serum levels of sST2 and depressive symptoms were independent and additive predictors of all-cause mortality and heart failure-related hospitalization in patients with ischemic HF.
Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse in Major Depressive Disorder (RADAR-MDD): Recruitment, Retention, and Data Availability in a Longitudinal Remote Measurement Study
Abstract
Introduction
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is prevalent, often chronic, and requires ongoing monitoring of symptoms to track response to treatment and identify early indicators of relapse. Remote Measurement Technologies (RMT) provide an exciting opportunity to transform the measurement and management of MDD, via data collected from inbuilt smartphone sensors and wearable devices alongside app-based questionnaires and tasks.
Objectives
To describe the amount of data collected during a multimodal longitudinal RMT study, in an MDD population.
Methods
RADAR-MDD is a multi-centre, prospective observational cohort study. People with a history of MDD were provided with a wrist-worn wearable, and several apps designed to: a) collect data from smartphone sensors; and b) deliver questionnaires, speech tasks and cognitive assessments and followed-up for a maximum of 2 years.
Results
A total of 623 individuals with a history of MDD were enrolled in the study with 80% completion rates for primary outcome assessments across all timepoints. 79.8% of people participated for the maximum amount of time available and 20.2% withdrew prematurely. Data availability across all RMT data types varied depending on the source of data and the participant-burden for each data type. We found no evidence of an association between the severity of depression symptoms at baseline and the availability of data. 110 participants had > 50% data available across all data types, and thus able to contribute to multiparametric analyses.
Conclusions
RADAR-MDD is the largest multimodal RMT study in the field of mental health. Here, we have shown that collecting RMT data from a clinical population is feasible.
Effect of Medical Education on European Psychiatrists’ Knowledge in Management of Major Depressive Disorder and Psychiatric Emergencies
Abstract
Introduction
The challenge for psychiatrists is keeping up to date with the latest clinical trial data in managing major depressive disorder (MDD) and psychiatric emergencies.
Objectives
We evaluated whether an online educational video lecture directed at psychiatrists, could improve knowledge and confidence regarding management of psychiatric emergencies associated with MDD.
Methods
Educational effect was assessed using a 3-question repeated pairs, pre/post assessment survey. A paired-samples t-test was conducted to assess overall number correct and confidence change. A McNemar’s test was conducted to assess question-level significance. P values < 0.05 are statistically significant. Cohen’s d test was used to estimate the magnitude of effect of education. The activity launched on 8 April 2021, and preliminary data analysed as of 24 June 2021.
Results
807 psychiatrists participated in the programme, of which 150 completed the pre- and post-assessment test.
An average overall correct response rate of 44% pre- increased to 74% post- (67% relative increase, P<0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.91).
Knowledge on the burden of suicide and MDD improved from 38% pre- to 85% post- (124% relative increase,P<0.001).
Knowledge regarding clinical data for novel therapies for use in psychiatric emergencies improved from 47% pre- to 68% post- (45% relative increase, P<0.01).
Knowledge regarding signs of suicidal intent in patients with MDD improved from 49% pre- to 71% (45% relative increase, P<0.001) following education.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates the positive effect of online medical education on psychiatrists’ knowledge in contemporary management of psychiatric emergencies associated with MDD in Europe.
The Effect of Sleep Disorders on Sexual Function in Bipolar Disorder in the Remission Period
Abstract
Introduction
Bipolar Disorder(BD) is a common,severe and recurrent disease with significant effects on functionality. Residual symptoms such as sleep disturbance and sexual dysfunction are defined as predictors of poor functioning in remission.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between sleep disorder and severity of sexual dysfunction in patients with BD in remission.
Methods
The study was conducted with 100 female and 100 male BD patients in remission. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were recorded by interview with the patients and the patients were given the Young Mania Rating Scale(YMRS),Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAM-D),Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Epworth Sleepiness Scale(ESS),Female Sexual Function Scale(FSFI) and International Index of Erectile Function(IIFF-15)for the assesment of symptom severity.
Results
The frequency of "sleep disorder" was 45.5% and the frequency of ''daytime sleepiness'' was 5.5%.In women the mean FSFI score was 26.06±5.14 and sexual dysfunction frequency was 48%.In men,the mean IIEF score was 59.63±8.34 and erectile dysfunction frequency was 56%. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between total FSFI score with HAM-D(r=-0.592,p <0.001),ESS (r=-0.330, p=0.001)and PSQI(r=-0.557,p<0.001)and between total IIEF score with HAM-D(r=-0.509,p<0.001),ESS(r=-0.361, p<0.001)and PSQI(r=-0.511,p<0.001). Sexual function scores in both women and men with sleep problems were significantly lower than those without sleep problems(23.56±4.71vs.28.56±4.31and53.88±7.10vs.63.80±6.56 respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis also showed that total sleep quality scores were an effective factor on sexual function in women(OR:2.74,%95CI[0,799-0,127];p=0,007)and men(OR:2.45,%95CI[1.577-0.164];p=0,016) with BD.
Conclusions
There was an increased incidence of sexual dysfunction in bipolar patients with sleep disorders.Treatment of sleep disorders is important for improving sexual function in bipolar patients for both genders.