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MAKING CITIES GREENER APPLYING ENVIRONMENTAL (EP) AND GREEN PERFORMANCE TOOLS TO ASIAN AND EUROPEAN CITIES, USING THE EP TOOL TO DEVELOP A GREEN CITY ACTION-PLAN
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Abstract
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Because of unsustainable development model and climate change, cities are reinventing themselves searching for new approaches dealing with design complexity, planning and managing their built environment (infrastructure), preserving and protecting their nature (city environment) and improving their citizens’ wellbeing to become more sustainable (greener). The Green City Concept is a new approach cities are using to become energy efficient, less dispersed, equitable, liveable and greener. This paper uses the Green City Conceptual Framework (IHS-GCCF) and three tools: the first measures the Environmental Performance (EP) over time called the Green City Index (IHS-GCI) applied to twelve Asian cities, the second introduces the Green City Action-Plan (IHS-GCAP) which discusses the results using the calculated EP for Manila City; the third presents and discusses key results of the Green City Performance Indicators (IHS-GCPI) calculated for twelve European cities. The EP results of twelve Asian cities measured during the period of 2016-18 showed Hong Kong and Singapore had the highest EP improvement and Bangalore the biggest reduction in the study period. A strong increase in population size is behind this reduction. Implementation of water management and climate change strategies were factors explaining the improvement in Hong Kong’s EP. The results showed that the implementation of a GCAP largely depended on strong political will, institutional linkages and the integration of cultural and social acceptance. The GP measured during the period of 2013-17 in twelve European cities showed Copenhagen with the highest GP followed by Amsterdam and Berlin. Heerlen, Rotterdam and Copenhagen had the largest amount of green space per capita and the lengthiest cycling lanes; Berlin, Barcelona and Copenhagen the lengthiest mass transport network system and Copenhagen the highest use of renewable energy. The tools showed in this article can be used to measure EP and GP, to explain factors influencing the calculated EPs and GPs, set targets, track achievements and help in the preparation of a city’s GCAP. The GCCF and the tools are adaptable to individual city needs.