Welcome to the 9th EAPS Congress Programme Scheduling

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Infections are a common presentation in childhood. Some children get a few while others experience multiple recurrent infections.

When should you worry, what factors to take into account, what is the role of exposure?

Children attending nursery or growing up in large families are more likely to be exposed. The recent pandemic has confirmed the major role of physical interaction in transmission of viruses and the effect of social distancing and increased hand hygiene on the prevention of this transmission.

Children growing well despite their infections are probably okay. Those who have failure to thrive or other signs of organ failure are the ones to look out for. Organ failure can come in different phenotypes: hearing loss resulting in delayed speech development, gut failure with chronic diarrhoea, and ultimately failure to thrive and even developmental delay. Some children with defective immune systems have severe eczema.

While the frequency of infection can be a warning sign, this is also true for single infections of a certain phenotype, such as liver abscesses, or infection with certain pathogens, such as BCGitis or other opportunistic infections, and abnormal basic laboratory parameters.

An overview of warning signs, and symptoms, diagnostic approaches and management of more common problems will be discussed.

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Lumps and bumps are common problems in children. Differential diagnosis is specifically dependent on age, presenting symptoms and anatomical site. The vast majority are benign of origin and are the result of trauma, infection or inflammation.

Malignant lumps and bumps are rare but need to be recognized early. In these situations correct diagnosis should not be delayed or missed leading to decreased prognosis.

Doppler ultrasound is the most appropriate approach when clinical diagnosis cannot made at a glance. It provides rapid information on size, shape, location, content and vascularity without necessity of sedation. When there is still doubt about the exact diagnosis surgery and pathology need to be involved.