Abstract Body

Tardive Syndromes encompass persistent hyperkinetic, hypokinetic and sensory phenomenologies resulting from chronic dopamine receptor blocking agents (DRBA) exposure. Apart from tardive dyskinesia the spectrum involves tardive dystonia, tardive akathisia, tardive tremor, tardive tourettism, tardive myoclonus, tardive pain and tardive ocular deviations. The incidence of TS is estimated to increase linearly by 5% annually during the first 5 years, 49% after 10 years, and 68% after 25 years whereas the global mean prevalence is around 25.3%.The symptoms of TS typically emerge after 1-2 years of continuous exposure to a DRBA and almost never before 1-3 months. Remission rates are below 25%.
The presentation focuses on diverse types of tardive syndromes and the management principles
Further reading
Bhidayasiri R &, Boonyawairoj S (2011) Spectrum of tardive syndromes: clinical recognition and management. Postgrad Med J 87(1024):132-41.

Factor SA (2020) Management of Tardive Syndrome: Medications and Surgical Treatments Neurotherapeutics 17(4):1694-1712.

Factor SA et al (2019) Recent developments in drug-induced movement disorders: a mixed picture Lancet Neurol 18(9):880-890.
Saifee TA & Edwards MJ (2011) Tardive movement disorders: a practical approach Practical Neurology; 11:341–348.
Savitt D &, Jankovic J (2018) .Tardive syndromes. J Neurol Sci, 389:35-42.