Optic neuritis (ON) is a cardinal manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG associated disease. However, the prevalence of AQP4-IgG seropositivity and MOG-IgG seropositivity in isolated ON is unclear, and studies comparing visual outcomes and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived structural retinal measures between MS-ON, AQP4-ON, and MOG-ON eyes are limited by small sample sizes.
1) To assess the prevalence of AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG seropositivity among patients presenting with isolated ON; 2) To compare visual outcomes and OCT measures between AQP4-ON, MOG-ON, and MS-ON eyes.
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a total of 65 eligible studies were identified by Pubmed search. Statistical analyses were performed with random-effects models.
In adults with isolated ON, AQP4-IgG seroprevalence was 4% in non-Asian and 27% in Asian populations, whereas MOG-IgG seroprevalence was 8% and 20% respectively. In children, AQP4-IgG seroprevalence was 0.4% in non-Asian and 15% in Asian populations, whereas MOG-IgG seroprevalence was 47% and 31% respectively. AQP4-ON eyes had lower peri-papillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL; -11.7μm, 95% CI: -15.2 to -8.3μm) and macular ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL; -9.0μm, 95% CI -12.5 to -5.4μm) thicknesses compared with MS-ON eyes, but these measures did not differ between AQP4-ON and MOG-ON eyes (pRNFL: -1.9μm, 95% CI: -9.1 to 5.4μm; GCIPL: -2.6μm, 95% CI: -8.9 to 3.8μm). Similar to AQP4-ON, pRNFL (-11.2μm, 95% CI -21.5 to -0.9μm) and GCIPL (-6.1μm, 95% CI -10.8 to -1.3μm thicknesses were lower in MOG-ON compared to MS-ON eyes. Visual outcomes were worse in AQP4-ON compared to both MOG-ON (mean logMAR difference: 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.81) and MS-ON eyes (mean logMAR difference: 0.68, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.96), but were similar in MOG-ON and MS-ON eyes (mean logMAR difference: 0.04, 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.14).
AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG associated disease are important diagnostic considerations in adults presenting with isolated ON, especially in Asian populations. Furthermore, MOG-IgG seroprevalence is especially high in pediatric isolated ON, in both non-Asian and Asian populations. Despite a similar severity of GCIPL and pRNFL thinning in AQP4-ON and MOG-ON, AQP4-ON is associated with markedly worse visual outcomes.