P-0799 - Health Risks among Farmers Exposed to Pesticides in Southwest Ethiopia
Abstract Control Number
2467
Abstract Body
Background
Chemical pesticides, regardless of their inherent hazard, are used intensively in the fast changing agricultural sector of Ethiopia. This study is aimed to assess illness patterns and potential health risks among farmers exposed to pesticides in rural villages of Jimma district, Southwest Ethiopia, from February to June 2019.
Methods
Community based cross-sectional study was conducted in 195 randomly selected rural farmer households. Data were collected with an interview method using structured questionnaires. Data compilation, categorization, processing and analysis was made with the help of SPSS version 20.
Results
Result showed that all of the farmers enrolled in the study had symptoms of illness after pesticide application. The symptoms were headache (36%), nausea (21%), vomiting (20%), skin and eye irritations (10% each), and other discomforts (3%) which are most likely because of acute poisoning. Several potential health risk factors were identified among the farmers exposing them to pesticides in this study. These included lack of awareness, unable to use personal protective equipment (PPE), absence of formal training, a causal attitude and unsatisfactory safety practice about pesticide application and handling.
Conclussions
Intervention programs targeting the frequently seen illnesses and their possible risk factors are suggested to reduce burden of illness in the farmers. Further work with rigorous statistical approch is also needed to test illness relationship with risk factors.
Chemical pesticides, regardless of their inherent hazard, are used intensively in the fast changing agricultural sector of Ethiopia. This study is aimed to assess illness patterns and potential health risks among farmers exposed to pesticides in rural villages of Jimma district, Southwest Ethiopia, from February to June 2019.
Methods
Community based cross-sectional study was conducted in 195 randomly selected rural farmer households. Data were collected with an interview method using structured questionnaires. Data compilation, categorization, processing and analysis was made with the help of SPSS version 20.
Results
Result showed that all of the farmers enrolled in the study had symptoms of illness after pesticide application. The symptoms were headache (36%), nausea (21%), vomiting (20%), skin and eye irritations (10% each), and other discomforts (3%) which are most likely because of acute poisoning. Several potential health risk factors were identified among the farmers exposing them to pesticides in this study. These included lack of awareness, unable to use personal protective equipment (PPE), absence of formal training, a causal attitude and unsatisfactory safety practice about pesticide application and handling.
Conclussions
Intervention programs targeting the frequently seen illnesses and their possible risk factors are suggested to reduce burden of illness in the farmers. Further work with rigorous statistical approch is also needed to test illness relationship with risk factors.
P-1088 - Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Ahvaz, Iran: A Generalized Additive Model
Abstract Control Number
2024
Abstract Body
Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Ahvaz, Iran: A Generalized Additive ModelAbstractBackground: There is some evidence about the short-term effects of air pollutants on adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the association between air pollutants and spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and macrosomia in Ahvaz, which is one of the most polluted cities in the Middle East. Methods: Data on adverse pregnancy outcomes and air pollutants including Ozone (O3), Nitric oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particles with a diameter of less than 10 micrometers (PM10) and Particles with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) were collected over the years 2008-2018. A time-series analysis using the generalized additive model (GAM) with up to 6-day lags was used. Results: The results showed that the SO2 pollutant on 0, 1, 3, 4, and 6-day lags and PM10 on lag 0 had direct and significant associations with spontaneous abortion. NO, NO2 and CO on 0-6-day lags; and O3 on 6-day lags showed direct and significant associations with preeclampsia. NO and NO2 pollutants showed significant and direct associations with gestational diabetes, during 0 and 6- day lags. NO on 0, 3 and 4-day lags, CO in all 0-6 day lags and PM2.5 on 1, 3, 5, and 6-day lags showed direct and significant associations with macrosomia. None of the pollutants showed significant associations with stillbirth or gestational hypertension. Conclusions: Air pollution is apparently causing adverse human reproductive outcomes in Ahvaz. This study further emphasizes the need to control ambient air pollution in Ahvaz.
P-1204 - Summation of concentration-response shapes by lagged exposure
Summation of concentration-response shapes by lagged exposure
Abstract Control Number
1664
Abstract Body
Aim: Air pollutants may negatively affect a large spectrum of human health conditions. Among the statistical methods used to assess the impact of concentrations of ambient air pollutants on health are the time-series and case-crossover methods. Traditionally, both methods estimate risk in linear forms. Recent studies indicate that non-linear representations are more adequate and accurate. Methods: We investigate the association between daily emergency department (ED) visits for all respiratory conditions and daily concentration of ambient ozone. We retrieve ED data for Edmonton, Canada, for the period April 1992 - March, 2002, (3,652 days) using the ICD-9 codes 460-519. The case-crossover technique is realized as a conditional Poisson regression. We test lags from 0 to 8 days and determine 9 concentration-response (c-r) shapes. Results: 292,285 ED visits were identified and used in the study. Lagged exposures result in positive and statistically significant associations between ozone concentration and ED visits for respiratory conditions. The concentration-response shapes change according to the lags considered. Various forms of c-r shapes are observed, such as an almost linear shape, an S-profile, and others. The amalgamated by used lags c-r function provides a good tool to summarize the risk relating to the concentration of the considered air pollutant. In general, the results are non-linear parametric risk functions of the concentrations. Conclusion: The estimated functions allow the identification of concentrations with various intensities of impact on health. In some cases, these functions indicate a potential threshold concentration.
P-1236 - Urine LTE4 concentrations and organophosphate pesticide exposure in California agricultural communities
Abstract Control Number
2881
Abstract Body
BackgroundExposure to agricultural pesticides, specifically organophosphates (OP) has been linked to adverse respiratory outcomes in agricultural settings. However, these studies have been based on childhood outcomes, with limited information in relation to respiratory endpoints in adults. Urinary leukotriene E4 (uLTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene indicative of respiratory inflammation, and is associated with several respiratory diseases, including asthma. Levels of uLTE4 are known to increase during severe asthma attacks. Though OP pesticides are an inhalation hazard, there is little known about their effect on respiratory inflammation in a population without asthma. We evaluated the relation between OP pesticides found in household dust and urinary LTE4 in a cohort of adults residentially exposed to agricultural pesticides.
Methods Dust and urine samples were collected during the agricultural spraying (June) and non-spraying seasons (January) from 28 households located within 200 feet of agricultural fields in the Central Valley of California. We implemented linear regression models to test the association between uLTE4 and OP concentrations, as well as t-tests comparing mean uLTE4 concentrations by occupational status (agricultural v. non-agricultural).
ResultsA total of 103 urine samples were analyzed for LTE4 and 50 dust samples for OPs. We did not see an association between OP dust concentration (97.4 ppb, sd = 147.0 ppb) and uLTE4 level, nor was there a difference by season. We did observe a difference in mean uLTE4 level by occupational status (non-agriculture = 1067 pg/ml, agriculture = 1345 pg/ml) but it was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.12).
ConclusionOrganophosphates found in house dust were not associated with markers of respiratory inflammation. However, respiratory inflammation may be increased in community members with occupational exposures to pesticides.
Methods Dust and urine samples were collected during the agricultural spraying (June) and non-spraying seasons (January) from 28 households located within 200 feet of agricultural fields in the Central Valley of California. We implemented linear regression models to test the association between uLTE4 and OP concentrations, as well as t-tests comparing mean uLTE4 concentrations by occupational status (agricultural v. non-agricultural).
ResultsA total of 103 urine samples were analyzed for LTE4 and 50 dust samples for OPs. We did not see an association between OP dust concentration (97.4 ppb, sd = 147.0 ppb) and uLTE4 level, nor was there a difference by season. We did observe a difference in mean uLTE4 level by occupational status (non-agriculture = 1067 pg/ml, agriculture = 1345 pg/ml) but it was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.12).
ConclusionOrganophosphates found in house dust were not associated with markers of respiratory inflammation. However, respiratory inflammation may be increased in community members with occupational exposures to pesticides.
P-0739 - Prenatal Nutrition measured by My Nutrition Index is associated with Birth Weight and Cognitive Function in Children at 7 years
Abstract Control Number
2305
Abstract Body
Nutrition is a multi-faceted, complex construct, where good nutrition should be associated with improved health outcomes. This is particularly true during pregnancy when prenatal maternal nutrition may impact the child’s development. Most research papers on nutrition focus on individual nutrients and health outcomes. In contrast, our focus is on a holistic measure of nutrition. My Nutrition Index (MNI) is an index that measures the nutrient quality (i.e., “nutritiousness”) of a specified daily diet and is calculated based on quantification of dozens of macro- and micronutrients that are specific to an individual’s nutritional needs (as defined by published recommended guidelines for individual nutrient target ranges) by incorporating dietary restrictions, subject characteristics, activity level, and health behaviors. Other nutrition indices are based on scored food groups consumed and may not adequately adjust for micronutrient inadequacies during pregnancy. The Swedish Environmental, Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study is a pregnancy cohort in Värmland, Sweden, with prenatal endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) exposure and dietary data available, making it possible to test for the potential mitigating effect of good nutrition on health effects from EDCs. Using prenatal nutrients from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data to construct an individual’s MNI, the index is significantly and positively associated with important metabolic (as measured by birth weight) and cognitive function at age 7 years (as measured by IQ-WISC) in children when adjusted for co-variates. Regression models included both prenatal concentrations of an EDC (bisphenol F and PFOA) and MNI demonstrating the adverse association with EDCs and the positive association of a nutritious diet during pregnancy. Thus, MNI is evidently a metric of the general nutritiousness of daily diets and is useful in environmental health studies in representing the impact of good nutrition. (We gratefully acknowledge support from NIEHS: #R01ES028811)
P-0067 - Greenspace Spatial Characteristics and Human Health in an Urban Environment at Osogbo, Nigeria
Abstract Control Number
1966
Abstract Body
Background/Aim: Urbanization amongst other anthropogenic factors is a major cause of unprecedented loss of urban forest and green spaces over time. The changes in urban forest pattern has affected biodiversity, urban-ecology, human health, quality of life and urban sustainability, therefore, this study examined the spatial characteristics and human health as indicator of improved residential environment in Osogbo, Nigeria. Methods: Semi-structured questionnaire were randomly administered to 405 residents to elicit information on urban forest services and management. Changes in vegetation cover was examined by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change of the study area was derived from Landsat imageries of 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017. These spatial metrics were computed using FRAGSTAT interfaced with ArcGIS to explain the landscape dynamics of the area. The data obtained from the administered questionnaire were subjected to descriptive statistical tools. Results: The LULC analysis revealed that 2017 had the highest amount of built up area (7.26 km2) compared to 1987 when built up area was 56.29 km2. Dense vegetation was highest in 1987 (113.40 km2) when compared to 2017 (53.80 km2). NDVI value for 1987 was highest (-0.206 - 0.418) due to presence of dense vegetation while the value for 2017 (-0.009 - 0.299) indicated loss of vegetation. The number of patches decreases from 66.31 Km2 in 1987 to 22.24 Km2 in 2017. These values indicate that the health status was lower in 1987 than in 2017. The residents strongly agreed that forest trees could provide products and services (92.8%), protect against environment hazards (87.4%) and improve health and wellbeing of humans (89.6%). Conclusion: The study concluded that urbanization had negative effects on the health state of the environment.
P-1050 - Maternal exposure to plasticizer compounds is inversely associated with gestational weight gain in women with obesity
Abstract Control Number
1282
Abstract Body
Background/Aims: Phthalates are endocrine disruptors with ubiquitous exposure in pregnant women, but their impact on maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) is unclear. We investigated associations of prenatal exposure with GWG and considered whether associations differed by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI). Methods: In 444 pregnant women from Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, we calculated GWG (kg) from self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and weight at median (range) 34 (29-38) weeks gestation. We quantified 19 phthalate/alternative metabolites in pools of five first-morning cross-pregnancy urines. These reflect exposures to 10 phthalates/alternatives as individual metabolites or molar sums of metabolites from the same phthalate/alternative [e.g. di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (SumDEHP), diisononyl phthalate (SumDiNP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (SumDEHTP)]. We categorized ppBMI (kg/m2) as under-/normal weight (<25.0), overweight (25.0-29.9), and obese (≥30.0). We used linear regression to assess overall and ppBMI-stratified associations of ln-transformed specific gravity-adjusted biomarker concentrations with GWG, controlling for maternal age, race, ppBMI, parity, smoking status, diet quality, fetal sex, and gestational age at mid-to-late pregnancy weight. Results: These predominately Caucasian/White, college-educated women gained on average 12.1kg through mid-to-late pregnancy and >50% had a normal ppBMI. All women were exposed to measured chemicals, with similar concentrations to U.S. women. Overall, only SumDEHP and SumDEHTP were associated with GWG. Specifically, two-fold increases in SumDEHP and SumDEHTP were associated with 0.8kg lower GWG (95%CI: -1.5, -0.7 and -1.4, -0.2), respectively. However, when stratified by ppBMI, associations were strongest in obese women. Only in obese women, two-fold increases in SumDEHP and SumDiNP were associated with 1.9 and 1.3kg lower GWG, respectively. Similarly, in overweight and obese women, a two-fold increase in SumDEHTP was associated with 1.2 and 1.6kg lower GWG. Conclusions: In obese women, prenatal exposure to phthalates is associated with reduced GWG. Given the importance of appropriate GWG for fetal growth, especially in obese women, these findings should be corroborated in other populations.
P-0201 - Prenatal exposure to particulate matter and ADHD in children: a prospective cohort study
Abstract Control Number
1289
Abstract Body
Background/Aim Environmental factors may play a role in the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and some studies have shown that ambient air pollution is associated with the ADHD. This study was designed to investigate the impact of prenatal particulate matter (PM10) exposure on ADHD among children over 60 months of age in Korea by using MOCEH birth cohort study’s data.
Methods This study is a part of the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, a Korean multi-center prospective birth cohort study initiated in 2006. After the delivery, children were followed up at 60, 72, 84 and 96 months of age. The average exposure level of particulate matter (PM10) were estimated using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method from the prenatal period. ADHD behaviour were assessed using the K-ARS, K-CBCL/1.5-5 and 6-18 at each follow-up period. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used to explore the association between PM10 and ADHD.
Results The mean PM10 concentrations during total pregnancy was 54.1μg/m3 with a range from 24.2 to 85.7μg/m3. In the GLM model, exposure to PM10 at first trimester and during pregnancy showed significant positive association with 72 months K-ARS score (β=0.06, 95% CI: 0.01,0.11 for first trimester, β=0.10, 95% CI: 0.01,0.19 for total pregnancy exposure). Furthermore, exposure to PM10 at first trimester and during total pregnancy showed significant association with 60, 72, and 84 months K-CBCL score, especially with total problems, attention problems and aggressive behaviour (β=0.26, 95% CI: 0.07,0.44 between first trimester and total problem score at 60 months, β=0.10, 95% CI: 0.05,0.15 between first trimester and attention problems at 72 months).
Conclusions In conclusions, our results have demonstrated that the prenatal PM10 concentration was significantly associated with ADHD behaviour in Korean children. Further studies regarding other air pollutants’ effects to the neurodevelopment in children are recommended.
Methods This study is a part of the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, a Korean multi-center prospective birth cohort study initiated in 2006. After the delivery, children were followed up at 60, 72, 84 and 96 months of age. The average exposure level of particulate matter (PM10) were estimated using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method from the prenatal period. ADHD behaviour were assessed using the K-ARS, K-CBCL/1.5-5 and 6-18 at each follow-up period. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used to explore the association between PM10 and ADHD.
Results The mean PM10 concentrations during total pregnancy was 54.1μg/m3 with a range from 24.2 to 85.7μg/m3. In the GLM model, exposure to PM10 at first trimester and during pregnancy showed significant positive association with 72 months K-ARS score (β=0.06, 95% CI: 0.01,0.11 for first trimester, β=0.10, 95% CI: 0.01,0.19 for total pregnancy exposure). Furthermore, exposure to PM10 at first trimester and during total pregnancy showed significant association with 60, 72, and 84 months K-CBCL score, especially with total problems, attention problems and aggressive behaviour (β=0.26, 95% CI: 0.07,0.44 between first trimester and total problem score at 60 months, β=0.10, 95% CI: 0.05,0.15 between first trimester and attention problems at 72 months).
Conclusions In conclusions, our results have demonstrated that the prenatal PM10 concentration was significantly associated with ADHD behaviour in Korean children. Further studies regarding other air pollutants’ effects to the neurodevelopment in children are recommended.
P-1126 - Using simulation methods to assess the suitability of the case crossover design in environmental epidemiological studies of preterm birth
Abstract Control Number
2719
Abstract Body
Background: Case crossover (CCO) studies are widely used in environmental epidemiology. CCO studies are case-only within-person comparisons, and therefore not confounded by time invariant characteristics. Proper inference, then, with CCO studies relies on appropriate selection of control time periods, and the time-stratified design serves as a robust method to account for long- and short-term-time trends. However, CCO studies assume stable baseline outcome risks. Since the baseline risk of birth increases secularly over gestation, the CCO should be evaluated for preterm birth. Our study utilizes simulations of extreme ambient temperature exposures to assess the appropriateness of CCO for preterm birth.
Methods: We conducted simulations using 2018 data for New York State. Data were acquired from National Weather Service records for LaGuardia Airport (temperature) and the Centers for Disease Control’s epidemiologic database (birth data). Baseline birth rates per gestational age served as the basis for baseline risk (β0). Baseline risks were then combined with exposure data and simulated effects to create expected counts per day. Relative risks ranged from 0.9 to 1.25 per 10°F increase. We used bootstrapped Poisson random number generation to create 1000 datasets per simulated effect. Counts were disaggregated into individual records for CCO analyses, and estimated via conditional logistic regressions with 2-week and month stratified control period selection.
Results: Preliminary results demonstrate upward bias in point estimates of all models. Bias was markedly smaller for 2-week stratified (ranging between 0.18-0.29%) compared to month-stratified (1.18-1.55%) models. Coverage of 95% confidence intervals was higher for 2-week stratified results; between 92.5% and 95.4% of all intervals included the simulated effect. Coverage ranged between 4.9% and 82.6% for month-stratified results.
Conclusions: Future analyses will include pooled logistic regression of simulated cohorts and age-varying differences in baseline risk. Characterizing the performance of the CCO under various conditions can improve methodological rigor and innovation.
Methods: We conducted simulations using 2018 data for New York State. Data were acquired from National Weather Service records for LaGuardia Airport (temperature) and the Centers for Disease Control’s epidemiologic database (birth data). Baseline birth rates per gestational age served as the basis for baseline risk (β0). Baseline risks were then combined with exposure data and simulated effects to create expected counts per day. Relative risks ranged from 0.9 to 1.25 per 10°F increase. We used bootstrapped Poisson random number generation to create 1000 datasets per simulated effect. Counts were disaggregated into individual records for CCO analyses, and estimated via conditional logistic regressions with 2-week and month stratified control period selection.
Results: Preliminary results demonstrate upward bias in point estimates of all models. Bias was markedly smaller for 2-week stratified (ranging between 0.18-0.29%) compared to month-stratified (1.18-1.55%) models. Coverage of 95% confidence intervals was higher for 2-week stratified results; between 92.5% and 95.4% of all intervals included the simulated effect. Coverage ranged between 4.9% and 82.6% for month-stratified results.
Conclusions: Future analyses will include pooled logistic regression of simulated cohorts and age-varying differences in baseline risk. Characterizing the performance of the CCO under various conditions can improve methodological rigor and innovation.
P-0935 - Genetic ancestry modifies the relationship between fine particulate matter and placental mitochondrial mutational load
Abstract Control Number
2594
Abstract Body
Introduction: Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is linked to changes in placental mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. Whether PM2.5 impacts mitochondrial mutational load in placental tissue-another biomarker of oxidative damage and aging has not been studied. Further, genetic ancestry likely impacts this relationship and may inform health disparities. Methods: We examine the association between PM2.5 and placental mtDNA mutational load in an urban multi-ethnic cohort (N=285). Mothers' daily exposure to PM2.5 over gestation was estimated using a satellite-based spatio-temporally resolved prediction model. Whole mtDNA sequencing was performed and mutations and haplogroups were determined. Bayesian Distributed Lag Interaction regression models (BDLIMs) were used to statistically model and visualize the PM2.5 timing-dependent pattern of associations with mtDNA mutations (total load and gene-specific) and explore effect modification by haplogroup. Results: Overall, increased PM2.5 exposure across pregnancy was not associated with total mutational load. However, results varied by mtDNA haplogroup with increases in PM2.5 being associated with higher total mutational load for African (cumulative effect 1.92, 95%CI 0.46, 3.48) and Asian (cumulative effect: 1.33, 95% CI 0.07, 2.73) haplogroups; a critical window was identified between 29 and 35 weeks gestation for African haplogroups only. Gene-wise analyses suggested that increased PM2.5 exposure during mid pregnancy (20-25 weeks) might have a stronger impact on mutations located in genes coding for ATP synthase subunits regardless of haplogroup. Conclusions: Placental mtDNA mutations, associated with increased PM2.5 exposure mid to late pregnancy, may have consequences on placental energy production, aging, and metabolic regulation that may impact offspring development. Understanding how these associations differ based on ancestry may further elucidate the etiology of environmentally-related disease disparities.
P-0543 - Lead exposure and cognitive impairment in older people living in communities located near mine tailing dumps in Johannesburg
Abstract Control Number
2495
Abstract Body
Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a chronic health disease that is growing globally. It has been associated with modifiable risk factors such as environmental exposure to lead. One of the main causes of environmental contamination with lead is from the gold mining industry and mine tailings. The aim of this study was to determine if long-term exposure (bone lead) to environmental lead is associated with decrements in cognitive ability in older individuals residing near mine tailing dumps or gold mining activities. Methods: A random sample of 139 participants aged 60 to 75 years was selected from state owned old age/retirement homes. Participants were interviewed with a structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic status, occupational and medical history. Cumulative lead exposure will be measured in the tibia using a KXRF bone lead measurement. The early dementia questionnaire (EDQ) and the CANTAB battery of cognitive assessments was performed on touch screen monitors to assess for MCI. Results: The mean age of participants was 69.9 years’ age. Males consisted of 54% of the sample with 48% having secondary education. Only 9% of the participants had a previous job in a mining or lead manufacturing sector and the majority resided in gold mining areas. The median bone lead measurement was 7.85. The EDQ results showed that 52% had screen positive for mild cognitive decline. Preliminary bivariate linear regression results showed a significant association between bone lead levels and a positive EDQ score for MCI. The CANTAB results for MCI and the multivariate analyses assessing factors associated with MCI is currently being conducted. Conclusion: Cumulative environmental lead exposure may lead to MCI which has serious consequences for quality of life of the individual and places an additional burden on the health care and social system of the country.
P-0259 - NeuroSmog: Determining the impact of air pollution on the developing brain - outline of the project protocol
Abstract Control Number
2155
Abstract Body
Background: Recent studies have linked exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) to neurodevelopmental outcomes but the findings are mixed and mechanisms are unclear. We aim to determine the impact of PM on the developing brain of schoolchildren in Poland, a European country characterized by very high levels of air pollution. Methods: During 2020-2021, 800 children aged 10 to 13 years will be recruited in a case-control study. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) cases will be sampled from psychological centres and clinics. Population-based controls will be sampled from schools. The study area will include 20 towns in southern Poland characterized by different PM levels. Behavioural testing will be done using a battery of tests, including the inhibition measuring Go-NoGo task and the Attention Network Task. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) acquisition will be conducted in line with the Human Connectome Project Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development protocols (resting-state functional MRI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), T1/T2 structural MRI, one functional MRI task - Conditioned Approach Response Inhibition Task (CARIT)). Estimates of PM and other air pollutants will be modelled using a combination of land use regression, transport models, satellite observations and monitoring data. These will be assigned to prenatal and early postnatal residential addresses of children. Associations of PM with ADHD-related symptoms, intelligence quotient (IQ), attention, emotional and social function and the role of changes in specific brain regions will be assessed by mediation models, adjusted for confounders. Results and Discussion: This comprehensive four-year study will provide novel, in-depth understanding of the neurodevelopmental effects of PM.