P-0027 - Daily Variation of Air Pollutants Near an Elevated Highway System
Abstract Control Number
2550
Abstract Body
I-81 is an elevated viaduct and goes through the heart of Syracuse, with local businesses and communities located underneath it. The safety limit of the viaduct is ending, and the NY Department of Transportation (DOT) is looking for recommendations to rebuild the roadway using its current elevated design or lower the highway to ground level creating a community grid. People living below I-81 are concerned about increases in air pollution if I-81 is lowered. With no knowledge of current air quality levels in this community, assessing how lowering the highway would impact the neighborhood is impossible. We began an air quality monitoring campaign to measure pollutant levels simultaneously near the highway and on the ground below. Models generated by the DOT suggest traffic levels will not change if the highway is lowered. By monitoring air quality at highway and ground levels, results will offer a glimpse of potential air quality problems that could arise. To assess daily variation in traffic-related particulate matter (PM) near this highway, a site adjacent to I-81 was selected. Two high-volume cascade impactors were placed at ground and highway levels of a building to collect daily PM samples for two weeks over two seasons. Two real-time PM monitors measured PM number concentration with elevation. For fine PM at the rooftop location, the average number of particles was 1.2 times higher with a maximum of 10 times higher. Three days in summer had exceptionally high vehicle flow and had PM concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 10 times higher at highway level. Results from gravimetric analyses agreed with measured number concentrations. This data shows particle count and PM concentration are variable with elevation and suggests that vehicle emissions may be more influential at highway level, implying air quality may be affected if the community grid option is pursued.
P-0028 - The Saliva Metabolome for Monitoring the Impact of Air Pollution Exposure on Human Health
Abstract Control Number
2578
Abstract Body
Background. Blood metabolomics is a sensitive tool for measuring complex environmental mixtures and biological responses. It is possible that saliva, a filtrate of blood, may serve as an alternative, non-invasive biospecimen to blood plasma, although its use for specific metabolomic applications requires validation. Methods. To compare metabolomic features in saliva and plasma, we examined longitudinal biospecimens from 53 college students living at various distances to a traffic hotspot over four months, as well as their exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP). All samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. We compared metabolic features detected in saliva and plasma and examined the impacts of TRAP on saliva and plasma metabolome using an advanced untargeted Metabolome Wide Association Study workflow. Results. Using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with positive electrospray ionization, we extracted a total of 13,604 metabolic features from 156 pairs of saliva and plasma samples, with 5,699 in plasma and 7,905 in saliva. We detected 1,975 unique metabolic features in both plasma and saliva, with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient of the overlapping features of 0.53. Using linear mixed effect models, 727 and 466 overlapping features were found to be associated with at least one or more TRAP indicators in plasma and saliva, respectively, with 81 features consistently significant in both biometrics. Four and eight biological pathways were independently associated with TRAPs among saliva and plasma features, respectively, where carnitine shuttle and lysine metabolism are the commonly perturbed pathway in both biometrics. Conclusions. With moderate-to-strong correlation with plasma metabolome, and similar patterns of perturbed metabolic pathways, we found saliva to serve as a moderately sensitive, non-invasive biometric for short-term exposure to elevated air pollution. While providing a less comprehensive signal of response, these results are promising and supportive of future validation for its use in environmental exposure applications.
P-0030 - Exposure to ambient PM2.5 and cognitive function in older adults in Mexico
Abstract Control Number
2665
Abstract Body
Background: Recent observational studies have shown that chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with a poorer cognitive function in older adults. However, evidence of the association with cognitive test performance has not always been consistent. Furthermore, most of the available studies are cross-sectional and have been carried out in developed countries. Objective: To evaluate the association between exposure to ambient PM2.5 and cognitive function in adults participating in the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), in 2012 and 2015. Methods: Measures of cognitive function, sociodemographic and health data were obtained for each MHAS participant in 2012 and 2015 waves. A total of 1544 for 2012 and 693 for 2015 adults aged 50 years and older, who had exposure and cognitive test data, composed the preliminary analytical samples. Cognitive function was assessed using a modified version of the screening portion of the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE), including tests of orientation, verbal learning memory, verbal recall memory, visual scanning, visuospatial abilities, visual memory, verbal fluency, and numeracy. Long term exposures to PM2.5 were estimated by a spatial analysis using concentrations from monitors and the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method, 1, 2 and 5 years preceding cognitive testing of each participant. Association between exposure to PM2.5 and cognitive function was estimated using linear regression models. Preliminary Results: Adjusted linear regression models for 2012, showed statistically significant lower scores in 2nd and 3rd PM2.5 exposure tertiles, compared with lower exposure tertiles, for verbal learning memory (-0.175 to -0.184), visual scanning (-2.26 to -2.64) and visual memory (-0.23 to -0.39) tests. Conclusions: Environmental exposure to PM2.5 seems to affect neurocognitive functioning in Mexican adults 50 years and older, a complementary analysis will be performed and presented.
P-0032 - Long-term estimates of ambient air pollution and perturbations in the peripheral blood transcriptome in a large Dutch twin cohort
Abstract Control Number
2760
Abstract Body
Background/Aim Studying the internal exposome has the potential to provide insight into the biological pathways through which air pollutants affects disease risk. In this study we linked long-term estimates for seven air pollutants and their elemental composition to transcriptomics data collected in the Dutch Twin Register (NTR) cohort. In addition to standard regression techniques we exploited the twin design by comparing gene expression among pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Replication of findings will be conducted in the Dutch NESDA cohort. Methods In both discovery (NTR, n= 2438) and replication (NESDA, n= 2341) cohorts, long-term land use regression model estimates were generated for nitrogen oxides (NO2, NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5 (including elemental composition), PM2.5abs, PM10, PMcoarse), and ultrafine particles (UFP). Other covariates were assessed using geospatial methods or questionnaires. Gene expression was assessed using Affymatrix U219 arrays (n=44,241 probes). Multi-variable univariate mixed-effect models were used to assess the association between these air pollutants and the transcriptome. Functional analysis was conducted using DAVID (v6.8). Results In the NTR cohort long-term exposure to PM2.5 (and few of the other pollutants) was associated with 374 transcripts (Benjamini- Hochberg p<0.05). Elemental Copper and Sulphur in PM2.5 significantly contributed to this signal. Associations were stronger among residents of less urban areas, with lower exposure levels, and weaker among men. Results were robust in a series of sensitivity analyses. Genes most significantly differentially expressed were ZNF791, BTBD1 and OSBPL8 (upregulated), and WIPF2 (downregulated). We observed strong evidence for enrichment of phosphoprotein and alternative splicing pathways. Twin-only models did not yield strong associations. Replication analyses in the NESDA cohort are ongoing. Conclusions Results from our analyses in the NTR cohort suggest a distinct PM2.5 signal in the peripheral blood transcriptome, primarily occurring in phosphoprotein and alternative splicing pathways.
P-0033 - Lower placental iodine concentrations are linked with higher concentrations of ambient PM2.5 exposure during the last trimester of pregnancy.
Abstract Control Number
2790
Abstract Body
Background - The essential trace element iodine is needed for an optimal (neuro)-development of the fetus via the production of thyroid hormones. Recent findings indicate that exposure to ambient air pollution was linked with mild thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. We hypothesize that air pollution might alter the placental iodine concentrations during gestation. Methods -We determined the placental iodine concentrations in 470 mother newborn pairs included in the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. Maternal residential PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter < 2.5 µm), NO2, and black carbon concentrations were determined during the pregnancy using a high-resolution air pollution model. Using distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNM), we modeled the gestational week-specific association between placental iodine concentrations and air pollutants. Results - Significant inverse associations were observed between gestational exposure to PM2.5 at weeks 28 to 35 and placental iodine concentrations. Cumulative estimates over the trimesters of pregnancy showed that in the third trimester of pregnancy (week 27 until delivery) an increase of 5 µg/m³ in PM2.5 exposure was associated with a decrease of 0.85 µg/kg in placental iodine concentration (95%CI: -1.56 to -0.14). These associations were adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, household smoking behavior, maternal alcohol consumption, maternal education, maternal age, vitamin use, gestational age, date and season at delivery, and newborns’ sex. No significance was found between placental iodine load and the ambient NO2 or black carbon exposure.Conclusions- Gestational exposure to PM2.5 is linked with a lower placental iodine concentration. This decrease indicates that ambient air pollution might interfere with the normal uptake mechanisms of iodine, which could results in worse neurocognitive health outcomes later in life.
P-0034 - Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Emergency Department Visits for Renal Diseases in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area
Abstract Control Number
2792
Abstract Body
Background: Emerging toxicological evidence has shown that inhaled fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may directly or indirectly affect distant organs including kidneys. However, there is limited epidemiologic evidence about the impacts of short-term exposure to PM2.5 on kidneys.
Objectives: We investigated the associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5, major PM2.5 components, and criteria gases and emergency department (ED) visits for renal disease outcomes during 2002-2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.
Methods: Poisson time-series models with unconstrained distributed lags were run to estimate the acute effects of air pollutants on counts of ED visits for renal disease outcomes (all renal diseases and acute renal failure [ARF]), controlling for meteorology (air temperature and dew-point temperature) and time (season, day of week, holidays, and long term trend).
Results: For all renal diseases, significant associations were observed for 8-day (lag 0-7) exposure to CO (rate ratio [RR] = 1.025, [95% CI: 1.009, 1.042]), NO2 (1.021, [1.002, 1.040]), NOx (1.019, [1.002, 1.035]), organic carbon (OC) (1.019, [1.006, 1.033]), and elemental carbon (EC) (1.014, [1.000, 1.029]) per interquartile-range (IQR) increase. For ARF, significant associations were shown for 8-day exposure to O3 (1.081, [1.012, 1.156]), PM2.5 (1.035 [1.007, 1.063]), nitrate (1.039, [1.006, 1.074]), OC (1.035, [1.009, 1.063]), and EC (1.032, [1.004, 1.061]) per IQR increase. The estimated associations were stronger for ARF than all renal diseases. Single-day exposures showed a specific lag pattern, where lags 2 and 3 had the strongest associations for all renal diseases and lag 7 was an additional peak for ARF.
Conclusions: Robust associations between short-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution and renal disease outcomes, particularly ARF, were observed. This study adds to the growing epidemiologic evidence that fine particles may impact distant organs. In particular, the air pollution-related impacts on renal disease may be experienced over the short term.
Objectives: We investigated the associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5, major PM2.5 components, and criteria gases and emergency department (ED) visits for renal disease outcomes during 2002-2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.
Methods: Poisson time-series models with unconstrained distributed lags were run to estimate the acute effects of air pollutants on counts of ED visits for renal disease outcomes (all renal diseases and acute renal failure [ARF]), controlling for meteorology (air temperature and dew-point temperature) and time (season, day of week, holidays, and long term trend).
Results: For all renal diseases, significant associations were observed for 8-day (lag 0-7) exposure to CO (rate ratio [RR] = 1.025, [95% CI: 1.009, 1.042]), NO2 (1.021, [1.002, 1.040]), NOx (1.019, [1.002, 1.035]), organic carbon (OC) (1.019, [1.006, 1.033]), and elemental carbon (EC) (1.014, [1.000, 1.029]) per interquartile-range (IQR) increase. For ARF, significant associations were shown for 8-day exposure to O3 (1.081, [1.012, 1.156]), PM2.5 (1.035 [1.007, 1.063]), nitrate (1.039, [1.006, 1.074]), OC (1.035, [1.009, 1.063]), and EC (1.032, [1.004, 1.061]) per IQR increase. The estimated associations were stronger for ARF than all renal diseases. Single-day exposures showed a specific lag pattern, where lags 2 and 3 had the strongest associations for all renal diseases and lag 7 was an additional peak for ARF.
Conclusions: Robust associations between short-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution and renal disease outcomes, particularly ARF, were observed. This study adds to the growing epidemiologic evidence that fine particles may impact distant organs. In particular, the air pollution-related impacts on renal disease may be experienced over the short term.
P-0035 - Spatial Decomposition of NO2 and PM2.5 National Exposure Disparity in the United States, 2000-2010
Abstract Control Number
2935
Abstract Body
Introduction: US outdoor concentrations and racial-ethnicity disparities of criteria pollutants have declined on average during the decades since the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. We investigate how much different spatial levels contribute to overall racial-ethnicity disparity in US. Methods: We determine state-level decomposition with land-use regression model data, dividing overall disparity into inter-state and intra-state disparity. Inter-state disparity is used to determine disparity caused by living in different states. It’s calculated by population-weighted average for each racial-ethnicity group by setting all population in the same state with the same pollutant concentration, i.e. the state weighted average concentration. Intra-state disparity determines disparity caused by living in different places within the same state and it’s the difference between overall disparity and inter-state disparity. Another decomposition is based on spatial decomposition model at census block level, dividing pollution concentration into short, short-medium, medium-long and long range. Disparities at different ranges are population-weighted average of demographic data and range-specified air pollution data at the block level. Results: Black experience more intra-state disparity for CO, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 from 1990 to 2010. Inter-state disparity contributed more for CO, PM10, and NO2 for Hispanic and Asian in 1990, while intra-state disparity became more dominated for PM10 and NO2 for Hispanic in 2000 and 2010. Hispanic and Asian both experience an advantage from inter-state disparity for SO2. Short-medium and medium-long range contribute most to overall disparity for all four race-ethnic groups for NO2 while long-range disparity contributes most for all groups besides White for PM2.5. Conclusions: Racial-ethnicity group can experience both advantage and disadvantage at different spatial levels. Overall disparity for NO2 comes mostly from locally (intra-state; medium range) while PM2.5 disparity related more with regional sources (inter-state; long-range). Temporal disparity decomposition showed NO2 becomes more local-impacted and PM2.5 becomes more regional-impacted from 2000 to 2010.
P-0036 - Air Quality and sick building syndrome symptoms in a public building in Athens, Greece
Abstract Control Number
3281
Abstract Body
Air Quality and sick building syndrome symptoms in a public building in Athens, Greece
Ioannis Nezis1, George Biskos2,3, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis4, Prodromos Fetfatzis4, Olga Popovicheva5, Nikolay Sitnikov6, Olga-Ioanna Kalantzi1*
1 Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece2 Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus 3 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands 4 Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Greece5 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia6 Central Aerological Observatory, Moscow region, 141700, Russia
Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and Black Carbon (BC) and the prevalence of sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms of civil servants working in a public building in the center of Athens, Greece.
Methods: Continuous air measurements were carried out from March until May 2016 (24 hours, 7 days per week) in four different types of rooms, including an office, a printer room and two filing rooms, representing both high and low exposure environments. Data on SBS symptoms was collected from 73 employees.
Results: Indoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations in the office ranged from 5.9 to 14.3 μg/m3 and 1.1 to 1.9 μg/m3, respectively. During working hours the indoor PM2.5 and BC to outdoor ratio (I/O) was higher than 1. The most commonly reported SBS symptoms were irritation of the eyes, a stuffy or runny nose, headache and drowsiness. These symptoms occurred “often” or “always” and subsequently disappeared after leaving the building. Female employees were more likely to report SBS symptoms than male employees (“Unusual tiredness or fatigue” OR = 5.4; “feeling depressed” OR = 4.1).
Conclusions: PM2.5 and BC concentrations varied substantially between the different rooms depending on the ventilation, construction characteristics and indoor activities.
Ioannis Nezis1, George Biskos2,3, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis4, Prodromos Fetfatzis4, Olga Popovicheva5, Nikolay Sitnikov6, Olga-Ioanna Kalantzi1*
1 Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece2 Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus 3 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands 4 Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Greece5 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia6 Central Aerological Observatory, Moscow region, 141700, Russia
Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and Black Carbon (BC) and the prevalence of sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms of civil servants working in a public building in the center of Athens, Greece.
Methods: Continuous air measurements were carried out from March until May 2016 (24 hours, 7 days per week) in four different types of rooms, including an office, a printer room and two filing rooms, representing both high and low exposure environments. Data on SBS symptoms was collected from 73 employees.
Results: Indoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations in the office ranged from 5.9 to 14.3 μg/m3 and 1.1 to 1.9 μg/m3, respectively. During working hours the indoor PM2.5 and BC to outdoor ratio (I/O) was higher than 1. The most commonly reported SBS symptoms were irritation of the eyes, a stuffy or runny nose, headache and drowsiness. These symptoms occurred “often” or “always” and subsequently disappeared after leaving the building. Female employees were more likely to report SBS symptoms than male employees (“Unusual tiredness or fatigue” OR = 5.4; “feeling depressed” OR = 4.1).
Conclusions: PM2.5 and BC concentrations varied substantially between the different rooms depending on the ventilation, construction characteristics and indoor activities.
P-0037 - Developing an air pollution exposure surveillance system in England; a new national vulnerability indicator
Abstract Control Number
3303
Abstract Body
Background: Air pollution is a serious public health issue. Providing better information on vulnerabilities to poor air quality will help stakeholders (local authorities) focus on protecting those most at risk. Public Health England was tasked to develop enhanced vulnerability surveillance for air pollution, as part of the Environmental Public Health Tracking programme, which includes surveillance of hazards (such as air pollution), exposures (concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2) and susceptibility (pre-existing health conditions). Aims: 1) To scope and develop pilots to demonstrate feasibility of air pollution exposure surveillance for stakeholders in England, 2) To agree potential new indicators to represent human vulnerabilities to air pollution, and 3) to help identify areas with populations who are sensitive, i.e. by age or socio-economic status (SES). Methods: We formed a working group which included several surveillance experts. In developing a new model for England, the vulnerability indicator development was split into two stages: 1) choice of exposure data and susceptibility indicator, and 2) linkage of the exposure and susceptibility indicators to produce population-vulnerability that can be provided in a useful output format, e.g. map, rating index or indicator. Results: Initially, we focused on susceptibility to ambient air pollution: age, SES and location, and related these to air pollution (PM2.5 and NO2) concentrations. We combined the exposure data and susceptibility to derive the vulnerabilities indicator. We scoped out different methodologies, practicalities, constraints and their application to pilot areas. Conclusions: An air pollution exposure surveillance system is being designed for England. The priority was showing where exposure needs to be tackled to reduce health effects including mortality associated with exposure to outdoor air pollution. Next, the indicator needs to reflect the impact of interventions where changes in air pollution occur.
P-0038 - The Gut Microbiome Contributes to the Association Between Ozone Exposure and Fatty Acid Oxidation
Abstract Control Number
3331
Abstract Body
Background: Our prior work has shown that ambient ozone (O3) is associated with the human gut microbiome. Given that up to 66% of circulating metabolites are associated with at least one gut bacterial taxon, this study aimed to explore the hypothesis that O3 exposure is associated with circulating metabolites via the gut microbiome.
Methods: This study was performed in 93 young adults (18-21 years) from the Southern California Children’s Health Study who had available data for prior year 24-hour O3 exposure estimated from central site monitors, the gut microbiome via shotgun sequencing, and fasting serum concentrations of 64 metabolites. Principal component (PC) analysis identified the top three metabolite clusters that represented short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines (PC1), non-esterified fatty acids and its oxidation by-products (PC2) and branched-chain amino-acid catabolism (PC3). FDR adjusted p-values are shown for Kendall correlations and results from mediation analyses are reported.
Results: Higher O3 was associated with a lower relative abundance of 434 gut bacterial genera and 318 gut bacterial species (p<0.10). O3 was only associated with PC1 (p=0.046, r=0.21) and PC2 (p=0.046, r=-0.20). Among bacterial genera associated with O3, 14 were negatively associated with PC1 metabolites (C8, C10:1, C10:2, C10:3, C12, C14:1-OH). One gut bacterial pathway, dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis I, was enriched with higher O3 (p=0.059, r=0.24) and was correlated with C14:1-OH (p=0.04, r=0.28) and C12 (p=0.068, r=0.26). Lastly, these taxa appeared to mediate associations between O3 and PC1 (p<0.05). Potential confounders (body mass index, socioeconomic status, energy intake) were not associated with both the gut microbiome and PCs.
Conclusion: This preliminary analysis suggests that greater O3 exposure could potentiate adverse effects on mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism among young adults, which may increase the risk for metabolic diseases. While this effect may be mediated by alterations to the gut microbiome, additional work integrating multi-omics measures is needed.
Methods: This study was performed in 93 young adults (18-21 years) from the Southern California Children’s Health Study who had available data for prior year 24-hour O3 exposure estimated from central site monitors, the gut microbiome via shotgun sequencing, and fasting serum concentrations of 64 metabolites. Principal component (PC) analysis identified the top three metabolite clusters that represented short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines (PC1), non-esterified fatty acids and its oxidation by-products (PC2) and branched-chain amino-acid catabolism (PC3). FDR adjusted p-values are shown for Kendall correlations and results from mediation analyses are reported.
Results: Higher O3 was associated with a lower relative abundance of 434 gut bacterial genera and 318 gut bacterial species (p<0.10). O3 was only associated with PC1 (p=0.046, r=0.21) and PC2 (p=0.046, r=-0.20). Among bacterial genera associated with O3, 14 were negatively associated with PC1 metabolites (C8, C10:1, C10:2, C10:3, C12, C14:1-OH). One gut bacterial pathway, dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis I, was enriched with higher O3 (p=0.059, r=0.24) and was correlated with C14:1-OH (p=0.04, r=0.28) and C12 (p=0.068, r=0.26). Lastly, these taxa appeared to mediate associations between O3 and PC1 (p<0.05). Potential confounders (body mass index, socioeconomic status, energy intake) were not associated with both the gut microbiome and PCs.
Conclusion: This preliminary analysis suggests that greater O3 exposure could potentiate adverse effects on mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism among young adults, which may increase the risk for metabolic diseases. While this effect may be mediated by alterations to the gut microbiome, additional work integrating multi-omics measures is needed.
P-0039 - Risk of air pollution on daily mortality in a suburban district is different from a urban district
Abstract Control Number
TBD2
Abstract Body
Background/Aim Almost all studies on the effect of air pollution on mortality in China focus on large or medium-sized cities. There was rarely report for suburban areas. However, there were enormous differences between them, including green space, per capita disposable income, density of population, coal consumption and education years. This will affect or modify the risk of mortality. In order to find a clue for further research, we tend to compare the effect of air pollution on daily mortality between urban and suburban populations. Methods A suburban district(Shunyi) and a urban district(Chaoyang) in Beijing was selected. Data on mortality, air pollution and weather were collected from 2012 to 2016, and ecological environment and social-economy in 2016. The GAM was applied to established model. Results The air quality was very similar in two districts. The levels of PM2.5, PM10 and O3max-1h were 81.1ug/m3, 101.1ug/m3, 111.8ug/m3 in Shunyi, and 83.6ug/m3, 113.2ug/m3, 111.1ug/m3 in Chaoyang. For every 10μg/m3 PM2.5 increasing non-accidental mortality and mortality caused by cardiovascular disease increased by 0.56% and 0.60% in Shunyi, which were 2.24 and 2.00 times as in Chaoyang. Meanwhile every 10μg/m3 PM10 increasing was associated with increase of 0.48% for non-accidental mortality and 0.52% mortality caused by cardiovascular disease in Shunyi, which were 2.00 and 2.20 times as in Chaoyang. Corresponding risks for ozone were very similar. The increase for non-accidental mortality were 0.59% in Shunyi and 0.52% in Chaoyang with 10μg/m3 increase, while mortality caused by cardiovascular disease increased by 0.56% and 0.67%. Conclusions The risks of ambient particles on non-accidental mortality and mortality caused by cardiovascular disease were great different between suburban and urban populations, while these of ozone were similar. All suggested that we should pay more attention to the study on rural population.
P-0040 - Comparison of PM2.5 exposure estimates in the REGARDS cohort: understanding differences by community type and exposure assignment choices
Abstract Control Number
1248
Abstract Body
Background: There is biologic rationale for associations between ambient PM2.5 exposure and type 2 diabetes. However, studies of these associations demonstrate mixed results, potentially due to differences in: PM2.5 estimation by community types and regions; PM2.5 estimation methods that optimize temporal vs. spatial variability; and exposure lags and durations assigned to individuals for evaluation with diabetes outcomes. Methods: We evaluated several PM2.5 data sources and exposure assignment choices for 10,332 participants free of diabetes at baseline (2003-2007) and with follow-up data on diabetes in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. We calculated exposure durations of 2-weeks, 30-days, and 1-year; lagged 1-day, 6-months, and 1-year prior to baseline, and evaluated these by: US region (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West); community type (high density urban, low density urban, suburban and small town, and rural); and year for two sources of PM2.5: CDC EPA Downscaler model and CDC Wonder data modeled from NASA satellite observations and EPA monitor data. Results: Participants in the analysis had a mean (SD) age of 63.0 (8.5) years, were 55.8% female; 32.4% black. The mean (SD) PM2.5 estimates from CDC Wonder were 13.5 (4.2) µg/m3, 13.5 (3.6) µg/m3, and 13.3 (2.0) µg/m3, for 2-week, 30-day, and 1-year exposure periods, respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of PM2.5 exposure estimates of all durations showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) by community type, region, and year. Differences by region and community type became more pronounced with longer exposure durations. Analysis of additional exposure lags and durations is in progress. Conclusions: These results suggest that exposure assignment choices can either exacerbate or mitigate underlying spatial differences in this cohort, which can lead to differential associations between PM2.5 and diabetes. Future work should focus on better exposure classification in order to more clearly estimate this association.