The program times are listed in Central European Time (CEST)
REAL WORLD COST OUTCOMES WITH DIABETES TECHNOLOGY USAGE AMONG ADULTS WITH TYPE 1 OR TYPE 2 DIABETES USING RAPID-ACTING INSULIN
Abstract
Background and Aims
We aimed to determine the 1-year medical costs associated with initiation of a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) or insulin pump.
Methods
Using the IBM MarketScan database, we included people with diabetes (PwD) ≥40 years old using rapid-acting insulin who initiated a CGM or a pump (index date) between 2015-2017. A third cohort, a control group, were blood glucose monitor (BGM) users. Continuous enrollment was required in the 12 months before (baseline) and after (follow-up) index date. Mean total medical costs, excluding device-related costs, are reported as unadjusted values. Adjusted follow-up costs were calculated by fitting a generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log link.
Results
PwD meeting all criteria (n=7,700) were assigned to one of the 3 cohorts (table). For CGM and Pump cohorts, unadjusted follow-up costs were higher than baseline. After multivariable adjustment, in the first year after initiation CGM was associated with $2038 in savings compared to BGM (p=0.0076) while pump was associated with $1786 higher costs (p=0.0039). Significant covariates in the models included baseline cost, age, diabetes type (and interaction with age), and polypharmacy.
Conclusions
During the follow-up period, the unadjusted medical costs appear lower than BGM for both CGM and Pump, but multivariable adjustment yielded medical cost savings only for CGM use. Economic benefits might be observable sooner for CGMs than for pumps. Future work should extend the analyses to longer follow-up periods, characterize the source(s) of the incremental savings/costs, and evaluate whether the results differ for newer generations of devices.
ASSOCIATION OF MACRONUTRIENTS INTAKE WITH CGM-BASED TIME IN RANGE IN CHILDREN WITH T1D
- Monica Marino, Italy
- Claudio Maffeis, Italy
- Antonietta Chianese, Italy
- Marco Marigliano, Italy
- Serena Rollato, Italy
- Sara Giorda, Italy
- Davide Tinti, Italy
- Dario Iafusco, Italy
- Antonella Lorubbio, Italy
- Riccardo Schiaffini, Italy
- Letizia Tomaselli, Italy
- Antonio Iannilli, Italy
- Rosaria Gesuita, Italy
- Valentino Cherubini, Italy
Abstract
Background and Aims
To evaluate the association between clinical factors and macronutrients intake with CGM-based time in range (TIR) in children with T1D.
Methods
A multi-center cross-sectional study recruited children with T1D, aged 2-17y, HbA1c < 86 mmol/mol, using CGM, during Jan 2019-Jan 2020 in Italy. Diet intake was collected through three day weighed food diaries. Nutrients were evaluated as percentages of total intake and summarized as median and (IQR). TIR was considered at target if the percentage of readings and time 70-180 mg/dL was higher than 70%. Clinical and nutritional factors associated to TIR at target were analysed using multiple logistic regression, results were expressed as OR and 90%CI.
Results
Data were available for 197 children, 53% male, 47% using CSII, median age 11.6y (8.6-14.3), HbA1c 55 mmol/mol (48-61). Median nutrients intake was Protein, P 16.9% (14.4-19), SFA 9.6% (7.8-10.9), polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA 10.3% (7-14.9), monounsaturated fatty acid, MUFA 16.4% (13.8-19.4), carbohydrates, CHO 45.9% (42.3-49.1). TIR at target was observed in 28% of participants; median TIR was 60% (47-71). Increasing diabetes duration and complex CHO assumption significantly reduced the probability to reach TIR>70%. Use of CHO counting, and higher fat consumption were associated with an increase probability to achieve TIR>70%.
Conclusions
Less than 30% of the observed population reached the TIR>70%. Both clinical and nutritional factors are associated with TIR at target. This study highlights the role of CHO counting and macronutrient intake in modulating CGM-based glycemic targets in children and adolescents with T1D.
CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES AND COVID-19: A U.S. BASED MULTI-CENTER OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
- Nudrat Noor, United States of America
- David Sparling, United States of America
- Janine Sanchez, United States of America
- Osagie Ebekozien, United States of America
- Abha Choudhry, United States of America
- Sheri Stone, United States of America
- G. Todd Alonso, United States of America
- David Maahs, United States of America
Abstract
Background and Aims
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves glycemic control and reduces complications in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study examines the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hospitalization among patients with T1D and COVID-19 and CGM use.
Methods
This analysis included all patients with T1D who tested positive for COVID-19 (n=241) in the T1D Exchange COVID-19 Registry. Data for the registry was collected using an online survey tool. Healthcare teams from 52 endocrinology clinics across the U.S. completed the survey using electronic medical records between April and September 2020.
Results
Of the 241 patients included in this analysis, 53% were CGM users and 47% were CGM non-users. CGM non-users were more likely to be on public insurance compared to CGM users (68% vs. 34%). HbA1c in the CGM group was lower compared to non-users (Median [IQR],%: 8.1 [2.6] vs 10.0 [3.3] [p<0.001]), and DKA was less frequent for CGM users relative to the non-users (9% vs 36%) [p<0.001]. Further, patients who did not use CGM were more likely to be hospitalized (33% vs 13%) [p<0.001] or need ICU care [30% vs.6%) [p<0.001] than patients who used CGM.
Conclusions
Patients with T1D infected with COVID-19 who used a CGM device had lower rates of adverse clinical outcomes than patients who did not use CGM.
REAL-TIME CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING VERSUS SELF MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE IN TYPE 1 DIABETES: REAL-WORLD DATA FROM A LARGE U.S. MULTI-CENTER STUDY
- Nudrat Noor, United States of America
- Gregory Norman, United States of America
- Nana-Hawa Yayah Jones, United States of America
- Shideh Majidi, United States of America
- Justin Indyk, United States of America
- Mark A. Clements, United States of America
- Selorm Dei-Tutu, United States of America
- Osagie Ebekozien, United States of America
- Daniel DeSalvo, United States of America
Abstract
Background and Aims
The management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves strict glucose control to avoid acute complications. The use of real-time continuous glucose monitors (rtCGM) relative to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has demonstrated better glycemic control in T1D patients. This study aims to examine the distribution of patient demographics and frequency of clinical outcomes across the rtCGM and SMBG groups.
Methods
The analysis included 14,248 T1D patients in the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement (T1DX-QI) database for whom electronic medical record data was available from eight endocrinology clinics across the U.S. Patients over 2 years with at least one completed clinic encounter between July 2017 – February 2020 were included for analysis.
Results
In this population, 37% (N=5,276) of T1D patients were rtCGM users, whereas 63% (N=8,972) self-monitored blood glucose. Fewer Non-Hispanic Black (2% vs. 11%) and publicly insured patients (8% vs. 16%) used a rtCGM device relative to the SMBG group [p<0.001]. HbA1c levels were higher in the SMBG group compared to those using rtCGM (Mean [SD],%: 8.8 [2.1] vs. 8.1[1.7] [p<0.001]), and events of severe hypoglycemia (8% vs.10%) and diabetic ketoacidosis (2% vs. 7%) were less frequently recorded for rtCGM users relative to the SMBG group [p<0.001].
Conclusions
This study highlights inequities in adoption of rtCGM for glycemic control, while consolidating previous findings demonstrating rtCGM device use being critical in effective management of blood glucose levels.
PERFORMANCE OF THE GUARDIAN™ SENSOR 3 CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING SYSTEM WITH NO CALIBRATION
- Ron Brazg, United States of America
- Timothy Bailey, United States of America
- Bruce W. Bode, United States of America
- Kristin Castorino, United States of America
- Mark Christiansen, United States of America
- Satish K. Garg, United States of America
- Kevin Kaiserman, United States of America
- Yogish Kudva, United States of America
- David Liljenquist, United States of America
- Dorothy Shulman, United States of America
- Robert Slover, United States of America
- Scott W. Lee, United States of America
- John Shin, United States of America
- Suiying Huang, United States of America
- Andrew Rhinehart, United States of America
- Robert A. Vigersky, United States of America
Abstract
Background and Aims
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is becoming an important tool for glycemic management and is an integral part of automated insulin delivery (AID) systems. Medtronic developed a new sensor algorithm for use with the Guardian™ Sensor 3 (GS3) glucose sensor that requires no calibration, and the present study assessed its performance.
Methods
There were 160 subjects (aged 18-80 years, ~64% with T1D) who wore GS3 sensors in the arm and abdomen. Data were compared with Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) values and processed using the Zeus algorithm and incorporating different calibration schemes. The primary endpoint was determination of overall sensor glucose (SG) values within 20% of YSI reference, or ±20 mg/dL when SG was <80 mg/dL (20%/20). Other endpoints included overall mean absolute relative difference (MARD) between system and reference values, ±15 mg/dL at SG <70 mg/dL, and Consensus Error Grid (CEG) analyses.
Results
For no calibrations and the arm location, 20%/20 and ±15 mg/dL agreement rates were 88.0% (N=20,612 paired data points) and 89.6% (N=2456 paired data points), respectively. For the abdomen, the rates were 88.0% (N=18,423) and 92.1% (N=1963), respectively. MARD was 10.64% for the arm and 10.78% for the abdomen. MARD for the <70 mg/dL SG range was 12.61% for the arm and 14.78% for the abdomen. The CEG analyses determined 99.9% of points within the A+B range for both the arm (N=20,590) and abdomen (N=18,409) locations.
Conclusions
These data on the performance of the no-calibration Guardian™ Sensor 3 system may support non-adjunctive insulin dosing in standalone CGM and AID systems.
ACCURACY OF RT-CGM SYSTEMS DURING CONTINUOUS AND INTERVAL EXERCISE IN ADULTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES
Abstract
Background and Aims
Real-time glucose monitoring systems (rt-CGMs) play an important role in the treatment decisions of subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but their accuracy may be lower during exercise. We assessed the accuracy of several recent rt-CGMs in T1D subjects during both moderate continuous (CON) and interval training (IT) exercise.
Methods
In 22 patients, already using a rt-CGM, a second different sensor was applied. Participants performed, in a random order, a 30’ CON session, and a 30’ IT session. Data recorded by rt-CGMs were compared with the corresponding blood glucose values, measured by a glucose analyzer. The accuracy of rt-CGMs was assessed by the Sensor Bias (SB), the Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD) and the Clarke error grid.
Results
A total of 2355 plasma-sensor glucose paired points were collected. Both average plasma and interstitial glucose did not significantly differ during CON and IT. However, plasma glucose change at the end of exercise was greater during CON than during IT. During CON, the sensors overestimated plasma glucose more than during IT, as shown by both SB and MARD. Classifying the clinical performance according to the Clarke error grid, no differences were found between the exercise sessions and >97% of values were in the A+B zone.
Conclusions
In conclusion, continuous exercise affects rt-CGMs accuracy to a greater extent than interval training,likely due to larger acute glycemic variations. However, this phenomenon does not compromise clinical reliability of recent CGMs. Larger studies, should investigate a broader spectrum of activities in terms of intensity and type of exercise.